Domestic violence in Cambodia is a multifaceted issue influenced by cultural, economic, and social factors. Although significant strides have been made in raising awareness, Cambodia still faces high rates of domestic violence, impacting women, children, and even men across diverse social strata. Understanding the root causes of domestic violence in Cambodia requires examining a combination of traditional cultural norms, economic pressures, systemic gaps in legal and protective services, and societal attitudes towards gender roles.
This blog will provide an in-depth look at the primary factors contributing to the persistence of domestic violence in Cambodia, supported by data and insights from government and non-governmental organizations.
1. Cultural Norms and Gender Roles
Cambodian society has deep-rooted traditions that uphold a patriarchal system, which often places women in subordinate roles. Cultural beliefs around obedience and submission within families can contribute to the acceptance of domestic violence as a “private matter.” The concept of “Chbab Srey” (Women’s Code), a traditional code dictating how women should behave in society, has historically reinforced submissive roles, leading some to view acts of domestic violence as discipline rather than abuse. Though efforts to reduce the influence of Chbab Srey are ongoing, the mentality remains prevalent, particularly in rural areas.
2. Economic Hardship and Unemployment
Economic instability plays a major role in escalating domestic violence. High unemployment rates and economic hardship can create stress and tension within households, often leading to violence. Financial strain disproportionately impacts rural families who depend on agriculture, which has become less reliable due to climate change and poor infrastructure. With limited job opportunities, men experiencing economic hardship may resort to violence as a coping mechanism or means of asserting control. A report from the Ministry of Women’s Affairs suggests that financial stress can directly correlate with spikes in domestic abuse cases, as it strains family dynamics and leaves limited options for escape for victims who depend financially on the abuser.
3. Alcohol and Substance Abuse
The relationship between alcohol consumption and domestic violence is significant in Cambodia, as excessive drinking often exacerbates abusive behaviors. Reports from Amnesty International indicate that alcohol abuse in rural and urban areas can lead to impaired judgment and aggressive behavior, fueling instances of domestic violence. In rural Cambodia, alcohol is often readily available and cheap, making it a common source of release for unemployed or underemployed individuals. This abuse pattern not only increases the frequency of violence but also intensifies its severity.
4. Gaps in the Legal System and Enforcement
Cambodia has laws aimed at preventing domestic violence, such as the “Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of Victims” (2005). However, implementation remains inconsistent due to weak enforcement, limited resources, and lack of specialized training for police officers. Many victims report that authorities fail to take action against perpetrators, often advising them to “settle” the issue within the family. This lack of a robust judicial system discourages victims from reporting abuse, fearing that their complaints will go unaddressed. The U.S. Department of State has highlighted that corruption within the judiciary further hampers the pursuit of justice for domestic violence victims in Cambodia.
5. Limited Access to Support Services
Support services, including shelters, counseling, and legal assistance, are limited, particularly in rural areas where domestic violence rates are higher. According to an Amnesty International report, many survivors lack access to safe spaces or financial independence, making it nearly impossible to escape abusive relationships. Women and girls in Cambodia’s impoverished regions are especially vulnerable, as they have fewer resources to seek protection or legal recourse. There is also an acute shortage of rehabilitation programs for perpetrators, which could potentially break the cycle of violence if properly addressed.
6. Influence of Social Stigma and Victim-Blaming
In Cambodian culture, domestic violence victims may face stigma and victim-blaming attitudes that prevent them from speaking out. Community members, family members, and even law enforcement officials may view the victim as partly responsible for the abuse, which deters many from reporting or seeking help. The lack of a comprehensive tracking system for victims also means that many cases go unrecorded, leaving them unaddressed by authorities or support organizations. This attitude further entrenches domestic violence as a hidden problem within Cambodian society.
7. Impact of COVID-19 on Domestic Violence Rates
The COVID-19 pandemic intensified the prevalence of domestic violence in Cambodia, as lockdowns forced families to spend prolonged periods together under stressful conditions. Economic hardships worsened, and with reduced mobility, many victims had fewer options to seek help or shelter. According to UN Women, the pandemic saw a surge in cases of domestic violence worldwide, and Cambodia was no exception. In response, several organizations, including the United Nations and local NGOs, have urged the Cambodian government to improve support systems and emergency responses for domestic violence survivors.
8. Poverty and Gender Inequality
Poverty and gender inequality are intertwined issues that contribute to domestic violence in Cambodia. Women in poverty-stricken areas are more likely to face abuse as they have limited economic options and are often dependent on their partners. Gender inequality, particularly in terms of employment opportunities and wages, further limits the choices available to women, making it difficult for them to leave abusive relationships. According to the World Bank, empowering women through education and job opportunities is essential for reducing domestic violence, as financial independence can provide women with an alternative to staying in abusive households.
9. Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International Influence
NGOs and international organizations, including Amnesty International and UN Women, play an instrumental role in advocating for victims and pressuring the Cambodian government to improve its approach to domestic violence. These organizations have launched awareness campaigns, provided resources for victims, and pushed for legal reforms. Despite these efforts, there is still a need for greater collaboration between NGOs and the Cambodian government to address domestic violence comprehensively. For example, partnerships between local NGOs and international donors could help expand shelter and rehabilitation services to more remote areas, where access remains limited.
Conclusion
Domestic violence in Cambodia stems from a complex blend of cultural, economic, and systemic issues. Although progress has been made in recent years, much remains to be done to address the root causes and provide adequate support for victims. Comprehensive solutions will require stronger enforcement of existing laws, increased access to support services, and ongoing education efforts to shift cultural norms around gender roles and violence.
Learn more about Domestic Violence 2024 here: CDHS Domestic Violence Report 2024
Reducing domestic violence will not only protect vulnerable individuals but will also foster a more stable and equitable society in Cambodia. Now, we’d love to hear from you—what are your thoughts on the causes and solutions to domestic violence in Cambodia? Share your insights and ideas below.