The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21): A Historical Journey You Can’t Miss in Cambodia
When visiting Cambodia, a trip to Phnom Penh is incomplete without a stop at the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21). This chilling yet profoundly educational site serves as a poignant reminder of the horrors that took place during the Khmer Rouge regime (1975-1979), a dark chapter in Cambodia’s history. Located just a few kilometers from the heart of Phnom Penh, Tuol Sleng is not only a museum but a memorial to the lives lost, a place where visitors can learn about Cambodia’s painful past and reflect on the human capacity for both cruelty and resilience.
In this blog post, we will explore the rich history of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, why it is an essential stop on your Cambodian itinerary, what you can do and see during your visit, and offer helpful tips to ensure a meaningful and respectful experience.
The History of Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21)To understand the significance of Tuol Sleng, it’s crucial to first understand its dark history.
The Khmer Rouge Era and the Rise of S-21
The Khmer Rouge was a brutal communist regime that ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 under the leadership of Pol Pot. In this period, an estimated 1.7 to 2 million people—roughly a quarter of Cambodia’s population at the time—died due to executions, forced labor, starvation, and disease. The regime sought to turn Cambodia into a self-sufficient agrarian society, and in doing so, targeted intellectuals, professionals, religious minorities, ethnic groups, and anyone who was seen as a threat to their utopian vision.
Tuol Sleng, originally a high school called Sleung Chhuk School, was turned into a notorious prison by the Khmer Rouge. It was here that thousands of Cambodians, and even foreign nationals, were imprisoned, tortured, and executed. The complex was known by its code name S-21. It was one of the regime’s most feared torture centers, where detainees were subjected to brutal interrogations and forced confessions, often under duress, before being sent to Choeung Ek (the Killing Fields) for execution.
S-21 was eventually discovered by the Vietnamese army in 1979, after the Khmer Rouge was overthrown. Of the estimated 17,000 people who passed through Tuol Sleng, only a handful survived.
The Transformation into a Museum
In 1980, the Cambodian government decided to preserve Tuol Sleng as a museum to document the atrocities committed during the Khmer Rouge era and to educate future generations about the past. The museum officially opened its doors in 1980, and it has since become an essential part of Cambodia’s effort to reckon with its painful history.
Today, Tuol Sleng is not just a place of history; it is a symbol of survival, remembrance, and reconciliation. Visitors from all over the world come to learn about the impact of the Khmer Rouge regime, the lives of its victims, and the ongoing efforts for justice and healing in Cambodia.
Why You Should Visit Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21) When Visiting Cambodia?
While it may seem daunting to visit a site with such a tragic past, the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum is an essential visit for anyone interested in understanding Cambodia’s journey. Here’s why:
1. Understanding Cambodia’s History
Visiting Tuol Sleng offers a deep dive into Cambodia’s history that most tourists might not fully grasp otherwise. The Khmer Rouge period left an indelible mark on the country, and Tuol Sleng is a focal point for understanding the immense human suffering and resilience that shaped modern Cambodia.
By visiting the museum, you will gain insight into the terror of the Khmer Rouge regime and the lasting impacts it had on the Cambodian people. It’s an educational experience that challenges you to reflect on human rights, the consequences of unchecked power, and the importance of remembrance.
2. Paying Tribute to the Victims
By visiting the museum, you’re not only learning about history; you’re also honoring the lives of the innocent people who perished during the Khmer Rouge regime. For many Cambodians, a visit to Tuol Sleng is a deeply personal experience. The museum’s preserved photographs of victims, their stories, and the remnants of their imprisonment evoke a sense of respect and remembrance for those who suffered.
3. Contributing to Cambodia’s Healing Process
The genocide left deep scars in Cambodian society, with many families still grieving the loss of their loved ones. The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum is a critical part of Cambodia’s efforts to heal. By visiting, you’re supporting the ongoing mission of truth and justice that aims to bring closure to the victims and their families. Proceeds from ticket sales also help fund research, preservation, and educational programs related to the Khmer Rouge atrocities.
4. Unique Educational Experience
Unlike traditional tourist attractions, the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum offers an educational journey that leaves a lasting impact. The museum features a comprehensive exhibit detailing the events of the Khmer Rouge period, and offers exhibits of photographs, torture devices, and survivor testimonies. Visitors are encouraged to reflect and learn not only about Cambodia’s tragic past but also about broader themes of genocide, injustice, and human rights.
What Can You See and Do at Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21)?
Your visit to Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum will take you through several historical buildings, each of which tells a different part of the story. Here’s what you can expect:
1. Explore the Buildings
The museum occupies four buildings of what was once a high school. Each building was used for a different purpose by the Khmer Rouge. You can tour these buildings at your own pace, with a detailed audio guide or guided tour (which we highly recommend for a more comprehensive understanding).
- Building A: This is where many of the prisoners were held, and you’ll see the haunting photographs of the victims. The rooms are stark, and the exhibits offer a chilling look into the treatment of prisoners.
- Building B: This building contains detailed exhibits on the Khmer Rouge’s methods of torture and interrogation. It’s one of the most difficult parts of the museum to visit due to its graphic nature.
- Building C: This is where many of the survivors were held before being sent to Choeung Ek (the Killing Fields). The rooms contain personal artifacts and photographs of the victims.
- Building D: Known as the “Death Rooms,” this building houses items such as shackles, prison uniforms, and photographs of the regime’s leaders. The stark, empty rooms convey the sense of hopelessness and despair felt by many prisoners.
2. Photographs of Victims
One of the most haunting parts of the museum is the wall of photographs showing the faces of the people who were imprisoned at S-21. These images are a stark reminder of the human cost of the Khmer Rouge regime, each face telling a unique and tragic story.
3. Interactive Displays and Documents
You’ll also find interactive exhibits that provide survivors’ stories and archival documents, detailing the daily life at S-21 and the horrifying experiences of those who passed through the prison.
How Much Does it Cost to Visit Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21)?
As a foreign visitor, the ticket prices for Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum are very reasonable, especially considering the importance of the museum and the educational experience it provides.
- Foreign Visitors: The entry fee for foreign tourists is USD 5 per person.
- Cambodian Nationals: For Cambodian citizens, the entry fee is KHR 3,000 (approximately USD 0.75).
You can also purchase a guidebook or audio guide at an additional cost if you prefer a more immersive experience.
Best Times to Visit Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21)
The museum is open every day from 8:00 AM to 5:30 PM. However, if you want to avoid the crowds and experience a more peaceful, reflective atmosphere, it’s best to visit early in the morning right after it opens or later in the afternoon, after 3:00 PM.
Avoid visiting during the peak tourist seasons like December to February when the museum tends to get busier.
Visiting Tips: Dos and Don’ts
To ensure your visit is respectful and meaningful, here are some helpful tips:
Dos:
- Respect the solemn nature of the museum: Remember that this is a memorial to the victims of one of the most brutal genocides in history.
- Take your time: The exhibits are emotionally intense, so take your time and allow yourself to reflect on what you see.
- Ask questions: If you have the chance, speak with the local guides or staff to deepen your understanding of the history and significance of the site.
Don’ts:
- Do not take inappropriate photos: Avoid taking selfies or making light of the exhibits, especially in areas that show human suffering.
- Do not disturb others: Be mindful of other visitors who are there to reflect and learn.
Location on the Map
Share Your Experience
Visiting the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21) is a powerful, transformative experience. After your visit, we encourage you to reflect on the stories you’ve learned and share your thoughts with others. What did you find most impactful about your visit? How did it change your perspective on Cambodia’s history and its journey towards healing? Share your experience in the comments below or on social media!
Conclusion
A visit to the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum is an essential stop when traveling to Cambodia. It offers an unforgettable opportunity to learn about a painful yet vital part of the country’s history, honor the victims of the Khmer Rouge, and reflect on the importance of peace, justice, and human dignity. This museum is not just a place of remembrance but a testament to the strength and resilience of the Cambodian people.
We hope this guide helps you plan your visit to Tuol Sleng and encourages you to take the time to reflect on the history that shaped modern Cambodia.