The country should approach gas-fired power development with caution, write the authors of a new report from the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis.

In October, the Cambodian conglomerate Royal Group broke ground on a 900-megawatt (MW) electricity generation project in the Botum Sakor district, on the country’s south-western coast. If it’s completed and running by 2027, the project would become the country’s largest operational power plant, and its first to run on gas.

Cambodia does not produce its own gas, so the project requires the infrastructure to import the fuel in its cold, liquid form, then reheat it for combustion in the plant. A 2023 report by the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) advocates for liquefied natural gas (LNG) to play a major role in Cambodia’s energy future.

This is a risky proposition. In recent years, other countries in the region that rely on imported LNG have struggled to maintain energy security and affordability. This has been due to global market disruptions and skyrocketing costs. Cambodia’s foray into LNG markets will therefore require careful strategic foresight and planning to reduce energy costs, improve reliability and support economic growth.

Numerous questions remain, however, regarding costs and procurement, the role of LNG-fired electricity in the country’s power mix, and the use of potentially cheaper alternatives. Without clear answers, Cambodia’s economy could find itself exposed to the large costs and volatility of global LNG markets.

How will Cambodia buy LNG and what will it cost?

New buyers such as Cambodia typically acquire LNG from spot markets or through multi-year contracts. The latter establishes volumes and pricing methods across the contract’s term. Both of these acquisition options entail risks for energy security and cost.

Buying from the spot market means Cambodia could import shipments whenever needed rather than committing to set contracts. The country would pay the prevalent global market price at the time of the purchase.

This can be risky during periods of volatile prices. Since 2020, spot prices have fluctuated between US$1 per million British thermal units (MMBtu) and US$100/MMBtu – that translates to a swing of between roughly US$4 million and 375 million for a typical, 72,000-tonne LNG shipment.

Contracts alleviate these concerns by setting a pricing formula, typically tied to a percentage of the global oil price. This reduces price volatility, narrowing the cost range of LNG cargo deliveries. However, contracts also stipulate rigid “take-or-pay” terms, meaning Cambodia must either “take” the LNG or “pay” a penalty if the LNG is unneeded. Since LNG’s role in the Cambodian energy system is still uncertain, the country could find itself paying significant penalties.

Importantly, LNG is likely to be expensive under both approaches. Prices under both spot and contract arrangements are currently two to three times as high as coal. Our recent Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) study estimates that, at current prices, operating one 900MW, LNG-fired power plant at baseload levels could cost as much as KHR 2.95 trillion (US$730 million) for the fuel alone. This exceeds Cambodia’s entire 2022 coal import bill.

Cambodia could pay a premium on current prices and struggle to access affordable LNG supplies because it’s a new market entrant with limited bargaining power, uncertain gas requirements and a lower demand profile. In 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine caused global LNG prices to skyrocket, as wealthy European and Northeast Asian buyers outbid emerging markets for limited supplies.

Pakistan and Bangladesh, for example, were often unable to afford LNG shipments, resulting in fuel shortages and power outages that devastated key economic sectors. In 2024, prices remain well above historical levels, and both countries are still struggling to finance their ballooning LNG import bills. Consequently, in early 2023 Pakistan announced it would stop building LNG-fired power plants.

What impact will LNG have on electricity prices?

Integrating expensive LNG into the Cambodian power mix will have knock-on effects on electricity prices, hindering the government’s efforts to reduce these rates.

At current spot market prices, LNG-fired electricity could cost more than five times that of recent solar projects in the country, or about double the rate of current coal and hydro contracts. For example, IEEFA estimates that LNG-fired electricity could cost US$0.17 per kilowatt-hour at current LNG prices. Meanwhile, Cambodia has attracted solar projects that produce electricity priced at US$0.026 per kilowatt-hour.

LNG fuel prices would likely have to fall below US$4.8/MMBtu to compete with coal and renewables. However, global prices have rarely fallen this low. Most producers require a selling price of US$8/MMBtu or more to service debt and earn a return – and LNG prices are unlikely to fall to competitive levels for the Cambodian power sector.

Other Asian countries, such as Vietnam and the Philippines, are grappling with the impact of uncompetitive LNG imports upon their electricity rates. It is slowing down LNG-to-power development and putting higher pressure on end-user tariffs.

Cambodian consumers already pay among the highest rates for power in Asia. With LNG prices unlikely to compete with renewables or baseload coal plants and the government prioritising electricity affordability, the role of LNG plants in the power mix remains uncertain.

What is the alternative?

Cambodia needs to properly assess whether a baseload LNG-to-power project is necessary to achieve its energy objectives. Those objectives include maintaining an affordable power supply and generating 70 per cent of the country’s power from renewable sources by 2030, up from 50 per cent in 2023.

The current impetus for LNG development appears to be driven by concerns that wind and solar resources do not provide uninterrupted, dispatchable power. LNG is seen as an integral ingredient to support the grid reliability as electricity demand rises and the power system becomes increasingly reliant on renewables enroute to decarbonisation.

However, with wind projects only starting to materialise and solar making up a mere 5 per cent of Cambodia’s power mix, there is ample opportunity for both wind and solar to expand without jeopardising grid operations. Countries can typically integrate up to 15 per cent of the electricity mix with wind and solar generation with only minor changes to the grid.

Moreover, achieving its 70 per cent renewables target will require Cambodia to limit its utilisation of baseload LNG-fired power plants. This will make it difficult for the country to commit to long-term LNG contracts. This uncertainty will challenge Cambodia’s ability to configure LNG infrastructure and the necessary contracts in a way that ensures both energy security and affordability.

Cambodia must scale its LNG project aspirations so that LNG-fired power does not put the government’s energy goals out of reach. Doing so would allow stakeholders to pursue LNG contracts and infrastructure plans that are best-suited to deliver Cambodia’s energy objectives.

This article was originally published on Dialogue Earth under a Creative Commons licence.

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The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has long been a cornerstone of American foreign policy, providing humanitarian assistance, economic aid, and development programs to countries worldwide. However, USAID is now facing its most significant challenge yet, as former President Donald Trump and billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk seek to dismantle it.

In recent weeks, Trump’s administration has implemented drastic changes that have frozen billions in aid, forced layoffs of thousands of workers, and shuttered critical humanitarian programs. Meanwhile, Musk, empowered by Trump’s second term and his newly created Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), has launched a full-scale attack on USAID, calling it a “criminal organization.”

But what is USAID, why is it under attack, and what does this mean for the world? Let’s break it down.

What Is USAID?

USAID was established in 1961 by then-President John F. Kennedy at the height of the Cold War. The agency was created to streamline U.S. foreign assistance efforts and counter Soviet influence globally. USAID operates as an independent agency, though it works closely with the State Department.

Since its creation, USAID has provided aid to countries in need, responding to disasters, combating poverty, and promoting global stability. Despite the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, USAID remains a key player in international development, often seen as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence through its Belt and Road Initiative.

The Trump Administration’s Crackdown on USAID

The Foreign Aid Freeze

On January 20, 2025, Trump reinstated his “America First” agenda with a 90-day freeze on foreign aid. Just four days later, Peter Marocco, a returning Trump official, drafted an unexpectedly strict interpretation of the freeze, effectively shutting down thousands of USAID-funded programs worldwide.

Mass Layoffs and Program Shutdowns

The freeze resulted in thousands of furloughs and layoffs, leaving humanitarian organizations scrambling to figure out how to continue their missions. Employees were locked out of USAID headquarters in Washington, and the agency’s official website and social media accounts were taken down.

Secretary of State Marco Rubio’s Attempt at Damage Control

Rubio, now serving as Secretary of State, has tried to limit the damage by ensuring that strictly life-saving programs—such as emergency food aid—continue. However, the vague nature of the freeze has left many programs in limbo, creating uncertainty among global aid workers and foreign governments.

Why Trump and Musk Want to Dismantle USAID

Trump’s Agenda: “America First” 2.0

Trump has long criticized foreign aid, arguing that it wastes U.S. taxpayer dollars on “corrupt and ungrateful” nations. During his first term, he attempted to cut foreign aid spending significantly, but Congress pushed back. Now, with a more aggressive approach, he is using executive actions to bypass legislative roadblocks.

Musk’s Vision: The Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)

Elon Musk, an outspoken critic of government inefficiency, has been given unprecedented authority over budget cuts through his newly created Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE). Musk claims that USAID has been “hijacked by bureaucrats” and used to “fund deadly operations.”

Musk’s main criticisms include:

• Allegations that USAID has funded ineffective or harmful programs.
• Accusations that aid money is mismanaged or funneled into corrupt foreign governments.
• A belief that private philanthropy and local solutions are more effective than government-run aid programs.

The Global Impact of the USAID Freeze

The effects of USAID’s shutdown are already being felt worldwide, particularly in regions that heavily depend on U.S. assistance.

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Over $6.5 billion in aid to the region was frozen in 2024.
• HIV/AIDS treatment programs, funded by USAID, have halted, leaving patients without life-saving medication.
• Food aid programs, particularly those targeting malnourished children, have been suspended.

Latin America

• USAID-supported migrant shelters in Mexico are closing due to funding shortages.
• A mental health program for LGBTQ+ refugees from Venezuela has been shut down.
• “Safe Mobility Offices” in Colombia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Guatemala—designed to help migrants legally enter the U.S.—have shuttered.

Middle East and South Asia

• Humanitarian assistance in war-torn regions, including Yemen and Afghanistan, has been paused.
• Efforts to rebuild communities devastated by natural disasters and conflicts have been halted.

Public Perception of Foreign Aid

Americans Believe Foreign Aid Spending Is Too High

A 2023 AP-NORC poll found that 6 in 10 Americans believe the U.S. spends too much on foreign aid. However, most Americans significantly overestimate the actual budget for foreign assistance. A Kaiser Family Foundation survey showed that many believe foreign aid accounts for 31% of the U.S. budget, when in reality, it is less than 1%.

Partisan Divides

• Republicans tend to view foreign aid as wasteful and favor cuts.
• Democrats generally support foreign assistance as a diplomatic and humanitarian tool.

Can Trump Legally Dissolve USAID?

Congressional Authority vs. Executive Power

Technically, Trump does not have the constitutional authority to dissolve USAID outright—Congress must approve such a move. However, Trump is employing other tactics to weaken the agency, including:

• Budget Freezes: Delaying the release of Congress-approved funds.
• Executive Orders: Restructuring USAID to give the State Department more control.
• Regulatory Maneuvers: Stripping USAID of key functions and transferring them to other agencies.

The Impoundment Control Act

In his first term, Trump attempted to freeze foreign aid but was blocked by the Government Accountability Office, which ruled his actions violated the Impoundment Control Act. If he continues using these tactics, he may face legal challenges once again.

The Future of USAID

The fate of USAID remains uncertain. Trump and Musk’s aggressive cuts could permanently weaken U.S. humanitarian efforts, shifting the balance of global aid to countries like China. While congressional Democrats are likely to fight back, the battle over USAID will be a defining issue in Trump’s second term.

Musk’s Warning: “Live by Executive Order, Die by Executive Order”

Elon Musk recently posted on X (formerly Twitter), “Live by executive order, die by executive order,” in reference to USAID’s future. This suggests that if the current administration succeeds in weakening the agency, a future Democratic president could just as easily reinstate it.

Conclusion

USAID has played a crucial role in global development and diplomacy for over six decades. However, with Trump and Musk leading an unprecedented effort to dismantle it, the agency’s survival is at risk. While critics argue that USAID is inefficient and politically driven, supporters believe it is essential for maintaining U.S. influence and providing humanitarian relief worldwide.

As the debate unfolds, one thing is clear: the future of U.S. foreign aid is on the line, and the world is watching closely.

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As the world continues to battle climate change, nations are increasingly looking for ways to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the negative effects of environmental degradation. One of the innovative approaches that Cambodia has taken in recent years is the development of carbon credit projects, which involve preserving and enhancing the nation’s forests while simultaneously earning revenue from the global carbon market. Cambodia has embraced the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative, with several large-scale projects aimed at protecting the environment and generating income for the country’s economy and communities.

In this blog post, we will delve into the details of how much money Cambodia earns from selling carbon credits, how these funds are being used, and the broader implications of this initiative on Cambodia’s environmental and economic landscape.

What Are Carbon Credits?

Carbon credits are market-based instruments that allow countries, organizations, or individuals to offset their carbon emissions by investing in projects that either reduce or remove an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. These projects are typically related to forest conservation, reforestation, renewable energy, and other sustainable initiatives.

The concept behind carbon credits is straightforward: for every ton of CO2 emissions that a project prevents from being released into the atmosphere, a carbon credit is created. These credits are then sold to companies or countries that need to offset their emissions to meet international climate targets.

In Cambodia, carbon credits are primarily generated through forest conservation efforts, particularly under the REDD+ program, which is designed to prevent deforestation, reduce forest degradation, and enhance forest carbon stocks.

Cambodia’s REDD+ Projects: Key Areas and Contributions

As of 2023, Cambodia has implemented the REDD+ program across more than 1 million hectares of forest land. This includes some of the country’s most pristine and ecologically significant forest areas. These areas are located in national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and nature reserves, many of which are in remote provinces where the threat of deforestation is high due to logging and agricultural expansion.

There are currently three major REDD+ projects in Cambodia:

1. Keo Seima REDD+ Project – Located in the Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary, this project spans more than 290,000 hectares of forest in Mondulkiri and Kratie provinces. The Keo Seima area is home to a diverse array of wildlife and plays a critical role in maintaining the ecological balance of the region.
2. South Cardamom REDD+ Project – Covering more than 550,000 hectares in the South Cardamom and Tatai Nature Reserves, this project is situated in Koh Kong and Pursat provinces. The South Cardamom area is a biodiversity hotspot, with various endangered species and ecosystems.
3. Prey Lang REDD+ Project – Located in the Prey Lang Nature Reserve, this project covers more than 430,000 hectares across Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear, Stung Treng, and Kratie provinces. Prey Lang is one of the largest remaining lowland rainforests in Cambodia and is vital for biodiversity conservation.

Together, these three projects account for a significant portion of Cambodia’s REDD+ initiative, and they have already made a measurable impact on forest protection and carbon sequestration.

How Much Money Does Cambodia Earn from Carbon Credits?

As of August 2023, Cambodia has received $6.4 million in revenue from selling carbon credits generated through these forestry projects. This amount has been earned primarily through the sale of credits from the Keo Seima, South Cardamom, and Prey Lang REDD+ projects. The revenue generated by these sales plays a vital role in financing both forest conservation and community development programs in the regions surrounding these forested areas.

But Cambodia is not stopping at just three carbon credit projects. In fact, the government and various stakeholders are planning to expand the initiative by organizing more than 10 other forest carbon credit projects across the country. This expansion is expected to bring in even more revenue, and some estimates suggest that Cambodia could generate up to $10 million annually from the sale of carbon credits.

As Cambodia continues to participate in the global carbon market, the potential for generating revenue will likely increase, providing a significant source of income for both national and local economies.

What is the Money Used For?

The funds raised from the sale of carbon credits are being allocated to two key priority areas: forest protection and improving community livelihoods. These funds are being used to support sustainable development in Cambodia, benefiting both the environment and the people who depend on these forests for their livelihoods.

1. Forest Protection:

The primary goal of the REDD+ program is to reduce deforestation and forest degradation. Cambodia’s forests are invaluable in the fight against climate change, as they act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and helping to mitigate the effects of global warming.

The revenue from carbon credit sales is being used to fund conservation efforts, such as:

• Patrolling and monitoring: Ensuring that illegal logging and poaching are kept in check.
• Forest restoration: Replanting trees and restoring degraded land to enhance forest cover and carbon sequestration.
• Management of protected areas: Providing the resources necessary to properly manage national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and nature reserves.

By reinvesting the money into these activities, Cambodia is ensuring that its forests are well-protected for the future and that the country continues to benefit from their role in carbon sequestration.

2. Improving Community Livelihoods:

The second major use of the funds is to improve the livelihoods of local communities who live near the protected forest areas. Many of these communities rely on the forest for fuelwood, food, medicine, and income. However, unsustainable practices such as illegal logging and land clearing for agriculture have put immense pressure on these ecosystems.

To address these challenges, the Ministry of Environment, in collaboration with various local and international partners, is using the revenue from carbon credit sales to support community development initiatives. These initiatives may include:

• Alternative livelihoods: Supporting local communities in adopting sustainable practices such as eco-tourism, organic farming, and non-timber forest product harvesting.
• Education and capacity building: Offering training and resources to local people on sustainable forest management and conservation.
• Improved infrastructure: Investing in projects that enhance access to basic services, such as healthcare, clean water, and education.

By supporting both environmental conservation and economic development, Cambodia is creating a win-win situation where local communities benefit from the preservation of the forest, rather than relying on its degradation for short-term gains.

What Are the Broader Implications of Cambodia’s Carbon Credit Projects?

1. Boosting the Economy:

The revenue from carbon credit sales has the potential to contribute significantly to Cambodia’s economy, both at the national and local levels. As Cambodia continues to develop its carbon credit market, it could become a major player in the global carbon trading system, providing a stable income stream that can support long-term economic growth. Additionally, the projects provide an opportunity to diversify Cambodia’s economy, moving away from heavy reliance on industries such as agriculture and textiles.

2. Contributing to Global Climate Goals:

Cambodia’s efforts to reduce deforestation and invest in carbon credits align with global climate goals, particularly the Paris Agreement. By focusing on forest protection and carbon sequestration, Cambodia is contributing to the global effort to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. As part of this commitment, Cambodia is aiming for carbon neutrality by 2050, and carbon credits play a crucial role in helping the country achieve this ambitious goal.

3. Promoting Environmental Stewardship:

Through the REDD+ initiative, Cambodia is sending a strong message about the importance of environmental stewardship. By investing in the protection of its forests, the country is demonstrating that economic development and environmental conservation can go hand in hand. This example may inspire other countries, particularly in the developing world, to adopt similar approaches to forest management and carbon credit generation.

The Road Ahead: Expanding Cambodia’s Carbon Credit Market

Looking ahead, Cambodia is preparing to expand its carbon credit program even further. With more than 10 additional forest carbon credit projects planned across the country, the potential for generating income from carbon credits is enormous. The government is also working to streamline environmental regulations and expand the scope of carbon credit projects beyond the forestry sector.

By diversifying the types of carbon credit projects in Cambodia, the country could further enhance its role in the global carbon market, attracting additional investment and expertise from international partners.

Conclusion

Cambodia’s carbon credit initiatives represent a promising model for combining environmental conservation with economic growth. Through the sale of carbon credits, Cambodia has already generated millions of dollars, which are being reinvested in forest protection and improving the livelihoods of local communities. As the country continues to expand its carbon credit market, the benefits are expected to grow, not just for Cambodia, but for the planet as a whole. By protecting its forests and investing in sustainable development, Cambodia is making an important contribution to the global effort to combat climate change.

Cambodia’s experience demonstrates that, with the right policies and investment, nations can harness the power of nature to drive economic growth while safeguarding the environment for future generations.

Sources

https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/cambodia-expected-to-generate-10m-from-carbon-credit-sales
https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/kingdom-sell-more-carbon-credits
https://kiripost.com/stories/cambodia-earns-116m-from-carbon-credit-sales

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